NAME

Discussion or term used for identification by an external observer

Names of places (toponyms) on a route sign indicating their management in Bali, Republic of indonesia

A name is a term used for identification by an external observer. They can place a course or category of things, or a single thing, either uniquely, or within a given context. The entity identified by a name is called its referent. A personal proper name identifies, not necessarily uniquely, a specific private human being. The proper name of a specific entity is sometimes called a proper proper name (although that term has a philosophical meaning as well) and is, when consisting of simply 1 discussion, a proper noun. Other nouns are sometimes called "common names" or (obsolete) "general names". A proper name can be given to a person, place, or thing; for example, parents can give their child a proper noun or a scientist tin give an element a name.

Etymology

The word name comes from Old English nama; cognate with Old High German (OHG) namo, Sanskrit नामन् (nāman), Latin nomen, Greek ὄνομα (onoma), and Persian نام (nâm), from the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) *h₁nómn̥.^[ane] Outside Indo-European, it can exist continued to Proto-Uralic *nime.

Naming conventions

A naming convention is a set of agreed, stipulated, or generally accepted standards, norms, social norms, or criteria for naming things.

Parents may follow a naming convention when selecting names for their children. Some have chosen alphabetical names by birth order. In some Due east Asian cultures it is common for 1 syllable in a two-syllable given name to be a generation name which is the same for immediate siblings. In many cultures it is mutual for the son to be named after the begetter or a grandfather. In sure African cultures, such as in Cameroon, the eldest son gets the family name for his given name. In other cultures, the name may include the place of residence, or the place of nascency. The Roman naming convention denotes social rank.

Major naming conventions include:

• Astronomical naming conventions
• In biology, binomial classification
• In chemistry, chemical classification
• In classics, Roman naming conventions
• In estimator programming, identifier naming conventions
• In computer networking, reckoner naming schemes
• Planetary nomenclature in planetary science
• In sciences generally, systematic names for a variety of things

Products may follow a naming convention. Automobiles typically have a binomial name, a "brand" (manufacturer) and a "model", in add-on to a model yr, such as a 2007 Chevrolet Corvette. Sometimes at that place is a name for the machine'due south "decoration level" or "trim line" likewise: e.one thousand., Cadillac Escalade EXT Platinum, after the precious metal. Computers often have increasing numbers in their names to signify the next generation.

Courses at schools typically follow a naming convention: an abbreviation for the discipline and then a number ordered past increasing level of difficulty.

Many numbers (eastward.grand., banking concern accounts, government IDs, credit cards, etc.) are not random but have an internal structure and convention. Virtually all organizations that assign names or numbers will follow some convention in generating these identifiers. Airline flight numbers, Space Shuttle flying numbers, even phone numbers all have an internal convention.

Personal name

A signature is a person's own handwritten name

A personal name is an identifying give-and-take or words past which an individual is intimately known or designated.^[two] In many countries, it is traditional for individuals to have a personal name (also called a given proper noun or first name) and a surname (also chosen a concluding proper name or family name because it is shared by members of the aforementioned family).^[3] Some people have two surnames, ane inherited from each parent. In most of Europe and the Americas, the given proper noun typically comes before the surname, whereas in parts of Asia and Hungary the surname comes earlier the given name. In some cultures it is traditional for a adult female to take her husband's surname when she gets married.

A common practice in many countries is patronym which means that a component of a personal proper name is based on the given name of one'southward father. A less common practice in countries is matronym which means that a component of a personal proper name is based on the given proper noun of one'south female parent. In some East Asian cultures, it is traditional for given names to include a generation name, a syllable shared between siblings and cousins of the same generation.

Centre names are also used by many people as a third identifier, and can be called for personal reasons including signifying relationships, preserving pre-marital/maiden names (a popular practice in the United States), and to perpetuate family unit names. The practice of using middle names dates back to ancient Rome, where it was common for members of the elite to have a praenomen (a personal name), a nomen (a family name, not exactly used the way middle names are used today), and a cognomen (a name representing an private aspect or the specific branch of a person's family unit).^[4] Middle names eventually fell out of use, but regained popularity in Europe during the nineteenth century.^[four]

As well commencement, middle, and last names, individuals may also have nicknames, aliases, or titles. Nicknames are informal names used by friends or family to refer to a person ("Chris" may be used every bit a short form of the personal name "Christopher"). A person may cull to employ an allonym, or a faux name, instead of their real name, mayhap to protect or obscure their identity. People may also have titles designating their part in an establishment or profession (members of royal families may use various terms such as King, Queen, Duke, or Duchess to signify their positions of authority or their relation to the throne).^[three]

Names of names

In onomastic terminology, personal names of men are called andronyms (from Aboriginal Greek ἀνήρ / man, and ὄνομα / name),^[5] while personal names of women are called gynonyms (from Ancient Greek γυνή / adult female, and ὄνομα / proper noun).^{[half dozen]}

Names of humans (anthroponyms)

Proper name of ...	Name of name
Total proper noun of a person	Personal name
First proper name of a person	Given name
Family name	Surname
Residents of a locality	Demonym
Ethnic group	Ethnonym
False or assumed name	Pseudonym
Pseudonym of an author	Pen name
Pseudonym of a performer	Stage proper noun
Other names	-onym-suffixed words

Names of non-human entities

Proper noun of a...	Name of name
Any geographical object	Toponym
Body of water	Hydronym
Mount or hill	Oronym
Region or state	Choronym
Whatever inhabited locality	Econym
Village	Comonym
Town or city	Astionym
Cosmic object	Cosmonym
Star	Astronym
Other names	-onym-suffixed words

Make names

Developing a proper noun for a brand or product is heavily influenced by marketing research and strategy to be highly-seasoned and marketable. The brand proper name is often a neologism or pseudoword, such as Kodak or Sony.

Religious names

Two charts from an Standard arabic copy of the Secretum Secretorum for determining whether a person will alive or die based on the numerical value of the patient's name.

In the ancient world, especially in the ancient most-east (State of israel, Mesopotamia, Arab republic of egypt, Persia) names were idea to be extremely powerful and act, in some ways, as a separate manifestation of a person or deity.^[7] This viewpoint is responsible both for the reluctance to use the proper name of God in Hebrew writing or speech, too equally the mutual understanding in aboriginal magic that magical rituals had to be carried out "in [someone's] name". By invoking a god or spirit by proper name, 1 was idea to be able to summon that spirit'southward power for some kind of phenomenon or magic (see Luke ix:49, in which the disciples claim to take seen a man driving out demons using the name of Jesus). This understanding passed into later religious tradition, for case the stipulation in Catholic exorcism that the demon cannot be expelled until the exorcist has forced it to surrender its proper name, at which point the name may be used in a stern control which will drive the demon away.

Biblical names

In the Old Testament, the names of individuals are meaningful, and a alter of name indicates a modify of status. For example, the patriarch Abram and his wife Sarai were renamed "Abraham" and "Sarah" at the institution of the Abrahamic covenant (Genesis 17:4, 17:15). Simon was renamed Peter when he was given the Keys to Heaven. This is recounted in the Gospel of Matthew affiliate 16, which according to Roman Catholic pedagogy^[viii] was when Jesus promised to Saint Peter the ability to take binding actions.^[ix] Proper names are "saturated with meaning".^[10]

Throughout the Bible, characters are given names at birth that reflect something of significance or draw the grade of their lives. For case: Solomon meant peace,^[11] and the king with that proper name was the first whose reign was without war.^[12] Likewise, Joseph named his firstborn son Manasseh (Hebrew: "causing to forget")(Genesis 41:51); when Joseph as well said, "God has made me forget all my troubles and anybody in my male parent'due south family." Biblical Jewish people did non accept surnames which were passed from generation to generation. However, they were typically known as the child of their father. For example: דוד בן ישי (David ben Yishay) meaning, David, son of Jesse (1 Samuel 17:12,58). Today, this style of proper name is even so used in Jewish religious rites.

Indian proper noun

Indian names are based on a multifariousness of systems and naming conventions, which vary from region to region. Names are also influenced by religion and caste and may come up from epics. India's population speaks a wide variety of languages and well-nigh every major religion in the world has a following in Bharat. This diverseness makes for subtle, oftentimes confusing, differences in names and naming styles. Due to historical Indian cultural influences, several names across South and Southeast Asia are influenced by or adapted from Indian names or words.

For some Indians, their birth name is different from their official proper name; the birth name starts with a randomly selected name from the person's horoscope (based on the nakshatra or lunar mansion corresponding to the person's birth).

Many children are given three names, sometimes equally a role of religious teaching.

Quranic names (Arabic names)

We tin see many Arabic names in the Quran and in Muslim people, such as Allah, Muhammad, Khwaja, Ismail, Mehboob, Suhelahmed, Shoheb Ameena, Aaisha, Sameena, Rumana, Swaleha, etc. The names Mohammed and Ahmed are the same, for example Suhel Ahmad or Mohammad Suhel are the same. There are many similar names in Islam and Christianity, such as Yosef (Islamic)/Joseph (Christian), Adam/Adam, Dawood/David, Rumana/Romana, Maryam/Mary, Nuh/Noah, etc.

Name use by animals

The use of personal names is not unique to humans. Dolphins^[13] and green-rumped parrotlets^[xiv] also utilize symbolic names to address contact calls to specific individuals. Private dolphins have distinctive signature whistles, to which they will respond even when in that location is no other data to clarify which dolphin is beingness referred to.

See besides

• Chinese name
• Homo names
• Legal proper noun
• List of adjectival forms of place names
• Name calling – a form of verbal abuse
• Names of God
• Numeral (linguistics)
• Onomastics – the written report of proper names
• Popular cat names
• Championship (publishing)

References

1. ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Archived from the original on 2008-09-28. Retrieved 2008-09-20 . ; The asterisk before a word indicates that information technology is a hypothetical construction, not an attested form.
2. ^ "personal proper name". Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved eighteen June 2018.
3. ^ ^{a b} "General words for names, and types of proper name". macmillandictionary.com. Macmillan Dictionary. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
4. ^ ^{a b} Fabry, Merrill (August 16, 2016). "Now You Know: Why Do We Have Middle Names?" (web article). Fourth dimension.com. Time. Retrieved eighteen June 2018.
5. ^ Room 1996, p. 6.
6. ^ Barolini 2005, p. 91, 98.
7. ^ "Egyptian Religion", Eastward. A. Wallis Budge", Arkana 1987 edition, ISBN 0-14-019017-i
8. ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church building, para 881: "The episcopal college and its head, the Pope" Archived 2010-09-06 at the Wayback Machine
9. ^ The Routledge Companion to the Christian Church past Gerard Mannion and Lewis S. Mudge (Jan xxx, 2008) ISBN 0415374200 page 235
10. ^ Baruch Hochman, Graphic symbol in Literature (Cornell Academy Press, 1985), 37.
11. ^ Campbell, Mike. "Meaning, origin and history of the name Solomon". Backside the Proper noun . Retrieved 2018-12-27 .
12. ^ "Solomon, the King". world wide web.dawnbible.com . Retrieved 2018-12-27 .
13. ^ "Dolphins Name Themselves With Whistles, Written report Says". National Geographic News. May 8, 2006. Archived from the original on November 14, 2006.
14. ^ Berg, Karl S.; Delgado, Soraya; Okawa, Rae; Beissinger, Steven R.; Bradbury, Jack W. (2011-01-01). "Contact calls are used for individual mate recognition in costless-ranging greenish-rumped parrotlets, Forpus passerinus". Animal Behaviour. 81 (1): 241–248. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.10.012. ISSN 0003-3472. S2CID 42150361.

Sources

• Barolini, Teodolinda, ed. (2005). Medieval Constructions in Gender And Identity: Essays in Honour of Joan M. Ferrante. Tempe: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies. ISBN9780866983372.
• Bruck, Gabriele vom; Bodenhorn, Barbara, eds. (2009) [2006]. An Anthropology of Names and Naming (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Printing.
• Fraser, Peter 1000. (2000). "Ethnics as Personal Names". Greek Personal Names: Their Value every bit Evidence (PDF). Oxford: Oxford University Printing. pp. 149–157.
• Roberts, Michael (2017). "The Semantics of Demonyms in English". The Semantics of Nouns. Oxford: Oxford Academy Press. pp. 205–220. ISBN978-0-19-873672-1.
• Room, Adrian (1996). An Alphabetical Guide to the Language of Proper noun Studies. Lanham and London: The Scarecrow Press. ISBN9780810831698.

Further reading

• "Names" by Sam Cumming, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (SEP), a philosophical dissertation on the syntax and semantics of names
• Pilcher, Jane (2017). "Names, Bodies and Identities". Sociology. 50 (4): 764–779. doi:10.1177/0038038515582157. S2CID 145136869.
• Matthews, Elaine; Hornblower, Simon; Fraser, Peter Marshall, Greek Personal Names: Their Value as Evidence, Proceedings of the British Academy (104), Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-xix-726216-3
• Proper noun and Form – from Sacred Texts Buddhism

External links

Wikiquote has quotations related to Proper name .

Wikimedia Commons has media related to names.

• Dictionary of Greek Personal Names, Oxford (over 35,000 published names)
• Behind The Name, The etymology of first names
• The Name Tradition In The Christian Civilisation
• Kate Monk's Onomastikon Names over the world throughout the history
• "Name". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name

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